企业会计准则关联方关系及其交易的披露

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中国证券监督管理委员会


中国证监会工作人员行为准则

第一章 总则

第一条为规范中国证监会工作人员（以下简称工作人员）行为，建设政治坚定、业务精通、作风优良、公正廉洁、纪律严明的证券期货监管队伍，促进资本市场稳定健康发展,根据《中华人民共和国证券法》、《中华人民共和国公务员法》及有关法律法规，制定本准则。

第二条工作人员应当遵守本准则，自觉接受监督。

第二章基本准则

第三条工作人员应当努力践行科学发展观，求真务实，开拓创新，不断提高监管工作水平。

第四条工作人员应当遵守国家法律法规和证监会规章制度，自觉履行国家工作人员的各项义务，模范遵守社会公德。

第五条工作人员应当增强法治意识，依法履行职责，维护资本市场的公开、公平、公正，保护投资者合法权益。

第六条工作人员应当忠于职守，勤勉尽责，公道正派，廉洁自律，树立和维护监管人员良好形象。

第七条工作人员应当牢记全心全意为人民服务的宗旨，树立公仆意识，保持良好作风，谦虚谨慎，团结友爱，勤俭节约，艰苦奋斗，文明服务，礼貌待人。

第三章依法监管

第八条工作人员在监管工作中应当依法履行监管职责，秉公执法，规范行政行为，不得玩忽职守或滥用职权，不得徇私枉法、包庇纵容违法违规行为。

第九条工作人员在行政许可工作中，应当遵守法定的权限、范围、条件和程序，不得超越法定权限、违反法定程序、超过法定期限实施行政许可。

第十条工作人员在稽查办案、行政处罚和行政复议工作中，应当以事实为依据，以法律为准绳，做到程序合法、证据充分、定性准确。

第四章勤勉尽责

第十一条工作人员应当爱岗敬业，钻研业务，恪尽职守，严谨务实，做好本职工作。

第十二条工作人员应当遵守工作纪律，服从指挥，认真执行上级决定。

第十三条工作人员应当团结协作，提高工作效率，保证工作质量，不得推诿扯皮、贻误工作。
第五章公正廉洁

第十四条工作人员应当遵守国家廉政规定和证监会廉政纪律，保持清正廉洁。

第十五条工作人员不得利用职务上的便利为本人、亲属和他人谋取不正当利益。

第十六条工作人员不得利用职务上的便利收受礼金和各种有价证券、支付凭证，不得违反规定收受礼品。无法退回的，应当及时上缴所在单位纪检（监察）机构。

第十七条工作人员不得接受可能影响公正执行公务的宴请以及旅游、健身、娱乐等活动安排，不得接受或者无偿借用监管对象提供的交通工具、通讯工具和其他设备物品。

第十八条工作人员应当遵守国家关于证券期货监管机构工作人员不得买卖股票和从事期货交易的规定。

第六章保守秘密

第十九条工作人员应当遵守国家保密规定和证监会保密纪律，不得探询与履行职责无关的保密信息，不得泄露保密信息。

第二十条工作人员不得泄露证券期货交易内幕信息，不得泄漏工作中所知悉的有关单位和个人的商业秘密；不得编造或者传播虚假信息，不得进行信息误导。

第二十一条工作人员公开发表言论和文字材料时，不得涉及证券期货监管未公开信息；内容涉及资本市场信息的，应当真实、客观。非因工作需要，不得与他人谈论证券期货监管未公开信息。

第二十二条工作人员不得违反规定接受采访，不得发表或者散布与党和国家路线方针政策、证监会重大决策不一致的言论。

第七章 回避

第二十三条工作人员应当遵守任职回避和公务回避有关规定，不得从事与监管职责有利益冲突的行为。

第二十四条工作人员在执行公务时，遇有可能影响公正执行公务的情形时，应当主动申请回避，不得对应回避事项施加影响。

第二十五条工作人员不得在监管对象以及其他营利性组织兼任职务；未经批准，不得在社团等非营利性组织兼任职务，经批准兼任职务的，不得领取兼职报酬。

第二十六条工作人员离职后，在规定期限内应当遵守中国证监会回避规定，不得违反规定在监管对象中任职。

第八章 监督

第二十七条工作人员所在单位或者部门应当教育、督促工作人员遵守本准则。

第二十八条工作人员有违反本准则行为的，知情人可以向工作人员所在单位或者上级单位举报或投诉。中国证监会有关单位或部门接到举报或者投诉后，应当依照有关规定及时调查处理。

第二十九条工作人员违反本准则的，由相关单位或者部门按照干部管理权限和有关规定处理。

第三十条工作人员对处理决定不服的，可以向所在单位纪检（监察）机构或者上一级纪检（监察）机构申诉，受理申诉的机构应当依法及时办理。

第九章 附则

第三十一条本准则适用于中国证监会机关及派出机构工作人员。

第三十二条本准则由中国证监会纪检（监察）机构和组织（人事）部门监督实施。

第三十三条本准则自发布之日起施行， 《中国证券监督管理委员会工作人员守则》（证监发〔2000〕70号）同时废止。


The Draft Constitution and Human Rights Protection in European Union

周大勇 (Zhou,Dayong)

1 the general introduction of the draft constitution in aspect of the human rights
2 short review of the human rights protection in European Union
3 the new points in aspect of human rights in the draft constitution
3.1 common values
3.2 incorporation of the Charter of fundamental rights
3.3 other changes could affect the human rights
4 arisen questions
4.1 the protection different from under the Convention
4.2 the two courts system and its application
5 conclusions in a historical view




1 general introduction of the draft constitution in aspect of the human rights

“Conscious that Europe is a continent that has brought forth civilization; That its inhabitants, arriving in successive waves from earliest times, have gradually developed the values underlying humanism: equality of persons, freedom, respect for reason” Extract from the preamble to the draft Constitution

In past 16 years, the European Union (EU hereafter) has marked itself through a series of changes. From The Single European Act, in which the Union committed itself to create a single market and at the same time establish on its territory the freedom of movement of people, goods, services as well as capital, to Maastricht Treaty, which brought the Union into reality and led to common foreign policy and cooperation in the area of justice and internal affairs as a higher level cooperation among Member States. Then the following Amsterdam (1997) and Nice (2001) Treaties, strengthened cooperation in foreign and security policy and placed Justice and Home Affairs matters and established the frame for the Union as a legitimate institution, in which people from different nations integrated in a large region would have common historical direction and splendid future before them. Just before the door of enlargement of the Union, it was argued that the Union has to improve democracy and transparency as well as efficiency, in order to outlines the EU’s purpose and competence clearly and streamline structures so as to prevent paralysis, therefore a new constitution for the Union is determined to replace the EU's series of key treaties in passed over the last 50 years as a single document .

Under leading of former French President and master draftsman Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, the European Convention set about its work of drafting the European Union's first ever full-fledged constitution. With the convention's work completed, the draft must now be finalized by an Intergovernmental Conference of European leaders that is expected to complete deliberations by the end of the 2003. As far as our topic is concerned, noticeably modifications come out in the constitution contract, first of all, the incorporation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, which we will discuss later. In the beginning it is meaningful to consider the statues of the draft constitution in the progress course of the Union. The Union desires to bring peace and prosperity, to promote economic and social progress through continuously integrating market and expanding freedom under light of united institution and social systems . These goals, however, are the foundation of development and protection of human rights . That means, if we regard human rights as a series right which realized at first in peaceful and law-ruling society, then the Union has already kept on entrenching to appreciate these goal from beginning on, and now by means of perusing such goal in a larger region through enlargement, the EU’s influence extent to broader area and more people.

The draft constitution then in such context should be viewed as another historical phase in the process. Because the promoting of well-being and fortune of people depend not only on the development of economic situation and adding some single freedom clauses into the governmental documents, but also upon the entire politic system and background in which we live. Without governing based on democratic and effective institutional structure, and especially a ripe legislation and judiciary mechanism, the realization and protection of human rights could only be on the paper. This is also one of the motive caused the Declaration on the future of the European Union which committed the Union to becoming more democratic, more transparent and effective, in order to pave the way for a Constitution in response to the expectations of the people of Europe . In this perspective, one shall recognize the Constitution as a moving forward step of the whole EU institutionalization targeting its goal, so that to discuss the Constitution in connection with the human right protection, it is helpful to review the human rights protection in Europe and, especially in EU.

2 short review of the human rights protection in European Union

The protection of human rights has been internationally come to life in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 (UDHR) with reorganization of disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind and respect for inherent dignity as well as the equal rights of all members of the human. This declaration states explicitly that the rights and freedoms of humans have to be guaranteed without distinction and destruction by any group, state or person. These principles were broadly accepted by European countries, considering the origin of the EU (EC) and the historical separation in Europe after WWII, we denote only the contracting countries of European Community.

For the Member States of EC, the Council of Europe has been up to now the most important instrument, which established in 1949 as a result of the Congress of Europe in The Hague , and took for the basic of the human rights protection. The Council accepted the principles of Universal Declaration of Human Rights and integrated it into The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights (the Convention hereafter), which and its 12 Protocols turned out to be the significant resource for Human Rights protection in Europe. Because of the existence of the Convention, the other two organizations established in the same age aftermath of the Second World War, i.e. OEEC and the European Communities didn’t include relevant clauses for Human Rights protection into their founding treaties. Since it was agreed at that time, the Council of Europe would focus on the protection of human rights, fundamental freedoms and democratic values, whereas the OECD and the European Communities were to be concerned with the economic restoration of Europe. The reason of separate organizations was based on a view to avoiding economic excuses for future inhumanity. Another reason came from the thought, which believed that the process of economic integration set forth in the Community Treaties could not lead to a violation of human rights. Furthermore, the original Member States in the Treaty of Rome feared, that the inclusion of a "bill of rights" in the Treaty might have brought about an undesirable expansion of Community powers, since it could lead Community institutions to interpret their powers as extending to anything not explicitly prohibited by the enumerated guarantees.

Under the regime of Council of Europe, a lots of achievement of human rights improvement has been reached , yet along with the development and expansion of EU, another mechanism on protection of human rights which does not totally rely on the Council of Europe has derived out on one hand, on the other hand being lack of provisions ruling human rights protection in the Treaty establishing EC did not prevent the EC and the later European Union from providing care for the protection against the violations on human rights. Naturally, how could a swelling supranational organization as EC, which has been continually strengthening its power in all social aspects, does not involve in human rights issues especially when the consciousness of human rights nowadays become more significant both in international and national stages? Regarding to EU, The protection system has been formed in three aspects.

First of all, the legislation in the Member States of EU. Since there were no Member States of EU (EC) which accedes to the Community without being a member of the Council of Europe, and according to the Convention, it impose obligations on the Member States that they should ensure that the internal laws and practices comply with the human rights standards set out in the instruments. Very member states in EU have recognize the principles derived from the Convention and incorporated them somehow into national laws, most importantly, provided constitutive protection as the basic legal resource for human rights protection. For example in Germany, Basic Law (Grundgesetz) Art 1 to 19 deliver explicit provisions even beyond the Convention; the same case as Part VIII (§71-85) in Constitution of Denmark ; in Britain the Act of Human Rights came into force on 2 October 2000 steers extending a ways, in which the Convention can be used before domestic courts. Certainly, according to the classic human rights lessons, the basic protection of human rights could only be afforded at the national level through national legislation and excise of authoritative power.

Secondly, the institutions and legislation at the EU level acts also with high respect to the human rights protection. The EU has showed its commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms and has explicitly confirmed the EU's attachment to fundamental social rights ever since its establishment.

The Amsterdam Treaty established procedures intended to secure their protection. It was ascertained, as a general principle, that the European Union should respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, upon which the Union is founded. For the first time a procedure is introduced, according to which severe and continuing violations of Fundamental Rights can lead to suspension of voting and other rights of a member state, if the Union determined the existence of a serious and persistent breach of these principles by that Member State. As to the Candidate countries, they should also respect these principles to join the Union. Furthermore, It has also given the European Court of Justice the power to ensure respect of fundamental rights and freedoms by the European institutions. In accordance with the inner requirement for the implementation of development cooperation operations, in order to reach objective of developing and consolidating democracy, EU also need its rule respecting for human rights. Such cases we have are for instance the EU Council’s regulation on human rights, Council Regulation (EC) No 975/199 and Council Regulation (EC) No 976/1999 for example, are aimed at providing technical and financial aid for operations to promote and protect of civil and political rights as well as economic, social and cultural rights etc.

Likewise, at their meeting in Cologne in June 1999, EU leaders declared that in respect to the current stage of progress of the European Union, the fundamental rights applicable at Union level should be pushed forward, namely be consolidated in a Charter and thereby made more evident. They argued, that the legal resources of human rights protection come from not only the European Convention of Human Right, but also from various international conventions drawn up by the Council of Europe as well as the United Nations and the International Labor Organization, they also include EU treaties themselves and from the case law of the European Court of Justice. As a result, a Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter hereinafter) was sketch out, which highlighted the EU’s respect for human rights, for fundamental freedoms and for the principle of democracy through listing more rights a more precise definition of the common values comparing the early documents including the Convention. We will continue to concentrate on the Charter in point 3 since it has been integrated in the draft Constitution as an outstanding achievement.

Finally, the opinion and case-law of European Court of Justice (ECJ hereafter) also have immense impact on the establishment of the instrument of human rights protection within EU.

Although the jurisprudence developed by the ECJ recognizes the Convention as the standard-setter in cases in which the Court has to consider and decide a human rights issue, since there were no relevant legislation existed in the frame of the Community, the ECJ furnish itself power in this aspect by means of case-law. Earlier in 1974, the ECJ first made reference to the ECHR in the Nold judgment, in which the ECJ emphasized its commitment to fundamental human rights based on the constitutional traditions of the Member States’ fundamental rights form an integral part of the general principles of law which the Court enforces. In assuring the protection of such rights, the Court is required to base itself on the constitutional traditions common to the Member States and therefore could not allow measures, which are incompatible with the fundamental rights recognized and guaranteed by the constitutions of such States. The ECJ declared, that the international treaties on the protection of human rights in which the Member States have cooperated or to which they have adhered could also supply indications which may be taken into account within the framework of Community law.

That implied, even without clear regulations in the treaties, the remedy against violation on human rights could also be provided within the framework of the Community in respect for the common traditions applied to the Member States, and in connection with we have mentioned about the Member States’ above, the principles and resource applied to the Member States derived from the Council of Europe. Thus a EU standard could be established by transform a rating comparison of the members’ legal systems to the case-law in ECJ in respect for human rights.